Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal disorders among women of reproductive age. It affects how the ovaries function, often leading to irregular periods, excess androgen (male hormone) levels, and multiple small cysts on the ovaries.

PCOS can impact everything from your menstrual cycle to your skin, weight, and fertility. With the right care, symptoms can be managed and long-term health risks reduced.

What Is PCOS?

PCOS is a complex condition involving hormonal imbalance and irregular ovulation. While the exact cause is unknown, it’s often linked to elevated levels of androgens and insulin resistance.

To be diagnosed with PCOS, most patients meet at least two of the following criteria:

  • Irregular or absent periods (anovulation)
  • Elevated androgen levels (either by blood test or physical symptoms)
  • Enlarged ovaries with multiple small follicles seen on ultrasound

Symptoms and severity can vary widely from person to person.

Common Symptoms of PCOS

PCOS symptoms often begin around puberty but can develop later as well. Common signs include:

  • Irregular or missed periods
  • Excess facial or body hair (hirsutism)
  • Acne or oily skin
  • Thinning hair or hair loss on the scalp
  • Weight gain or difficulty losing weight (regardless of exercise)
  • Dark patches of skin (acanthosis nigricans)
  • Difficulty getting pregnant

Some people have only mild symptoms, while others experience a combination of concerns that affect daily life and self-esteem.

What Causes PCOS?

While the exact cause is still unknown, several factors may play a role:

  • Insulin resistance – Excess insulin can lead to increased androgen production
  • Genetics – PCOS often runs in families (important to provide a maternal history)
  • Hormonal imbalances – Particularly high levels of androgens and LH (luteinizing hormone)

Long-Term Health Risks

Untreated PCOS can increase the risk of:

  • Type 2 diabetes
  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol and heart disease
  • Endometrial hyperplasia or cancer (due to unopposed estrogen)
  • Sleep apnea
  • Depression and anxiety

Early diagnosis and proper management can help reduce these risks.

How Is PCOS Diagnosed?

There’s no single test for PCOS. Diagnosis typically includes:

  • Detailed review of symptoms and menstrual history—as far back as possible to paint a clear, clinical picture
  • Blood tests to check hormone and insulin levels
  • Pelvic ultrasound to assess ovarian appearance
  • Rule-out testing for other hormone disorders

We focus on identifying your specific pattern of symptoms to build a care plan that works for you.

Treatment Options

While there’s no cure for PCOS, symptoms can be managed effectively with a combination of lifestyle changes and medical treatment.

Lifestyle support:

  • Nutritional guidance and weight management
  • Regular physical activity to improve insulin sensitivity
  • Stress reduction and sleep support

Medications:

  • Birth control pills to regulate periods and lower androgen levels
  • Metformin to improve insulin resistance
  • Anti-androgens to reduce hair growth and acne
  • Fertility medications (like letrozole or clomiphene) if trying to conceive

Procedures (if needed):

  • Ovarian drilling (rarely used) in certain fertility cases
  • Management of symptoms like excess hair or acne with dermatologic treatments

Treatment is tailored to your symptoms, whether you’re focused on cycle regulation, fertility, cosmetic or confidence concerns, or long-term health.

PCOS and Fertility

PCOS is one of the leading causes of ovulation-related infertility. The good news is that many people with PCOS are able to conceive with the right support.

Fertility options may include:

  • Ovulation induction with oral or injectable medications
  • Monitoring ovulation cycles
  • Referral to a fertility specialist if needed

Even if you’re not ready to conceive now, cycle regulation helps protect your fertility in the future.

Get the Support You Deserve

PCOS can be overwhelming, but you don’t have to manage it alone. Our team offers compassionate care and evidence-based treatment to help you feel better, regain control of your health, and plan for your future with confidence.

If you’re experiencing symptoms of PCOS, schedule an appointment today to get a personalized care plan that works for you.